Author(s)

Marilyn Heiman

Author(s) Description

Director of the Pew Environment Group's offshore energy reform efforts and the U.S. Arctic Program.

Science, not politics, needs to guide decision-making in America’s extreme, remote, and fragile Arctic Ocean. If we are to avoid irreparable harm to an ecosystem found nowhere else in the country, we need to develop a comprehensive research and monitoring plan and set aside significant areas for protection.
 
In August, the Obama administration granted tentative approval for industry to drill four exploratory wells over the next two years in the Beaufort Sea off Alaska’s northern coast. Earlier this month, federal officials affirmed a 2008 oil and gas lease sale that could open to development a vast area located in the even more remote Chukchi Sea.
 
The two seas are home to bowhead whales, ice seals, polar bears, and other marine mammals found nowhere else in the United States. These magnificent animals are uniquely adapted to the region’s harsh sub-zero temperatures, shifting ice floes, and storms with hurricane-force winds and 20 foot waves. Yet these are the very conditions that make preventing, containing, or cleaning up an oil spill extremely challenging with existing technologies and procedures.
 
How would the noise, disruption, air, and water pollution that drilling would bring affect one of the world’s last relatively untouched ecosystems? What would happen if an oil spill were to occur?
 
The short answer to both questions is: No one knows.
 
Decisions pending before the Obama administration involve actions taken in the previous administration, which sold leases granting access to an unprecedented 3.8 million acres of little-explored Arctic waters. But Interior Secretary Ken Salazar soon will be presenting a new five-year offshore oil and gas leasing plan that will govern lease sales from 2012 to 2017.
 
Secretary Salazar has repeatedly stressed the importance of science. A year ago, he asked the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to look into gaps in scientific research on the U.S. Arctic Ocean—noting that:
 
“All oil and gas exploration on federal lands must be conducted at the right place, at the right time, and in an environmentally sound way. In addition, I must ensure that our decisions, policies, and management objectives are based on the best available science. This is particularly true when considering increased exploration or production from new or frontier domestic areas that have not been subject to significant development.”
 
When the USGS released its report in June, the Pew Environment Group, along with Ocean Conservancy, asked 14 respected, independent scientists—all experts on the Arctic marine ecosystem—to review it and recommend next steps. On September 26, we released a white paper with their recommendations.
 
The 39-page study assesses the adequacy of the USGS report and deems it to have done an excellent job in identifying the major gaps in scientific knowledge in an unbiased manner. The paper also emphasizes the need to connect the research that has been done in various disciplines in order to provide a better understanding of the ecosystem as a whole. And it calls for setting priorities on how to address information still missing.
 
Recommended next steps include:

• Identify areas for protection: The scientists note that enough information is available now to set aside critical habitat areas for vulnerable marine mammals as well as for millions of migratory birds.
• Establish long-term monitoring programs: This includes a series of stations at which physical, chemical, and biological data are collected repeatedly, over time.
• Incorporate local and traditional knowledge: Alaska Native groups, who for centuries have practiced a traditional way of life dependent on the area’s natural bounty, can provide insight into environmental trends and relationships that might not be available from other sources.

We need a timeout on new lease sales to implement the recommendations of the USGS and the independent scientists and to let oil-spill cleanup expertise catch up to drilling technology. The missing information identified in the USGS report and the next steps suggested in our white paper are vital for deciding how best to move forward in this sensitive marine ecosystem.